dog vomiting

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Vomiting in dogs is a very common occurrence and can arise from a wide variety of causes, from simple gastritis to complex diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This article explains the multiple causes of vomiting in dogs, including adverse food reactions, and the range of treatment options available.

What is vomiting?

Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is important to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated effort like vomiting.

Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the smooth muscle). The main difference between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.

How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?

Sometimes this is not easy to do. Generally speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be completely undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the presence of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.

Causes of vomiting

The most common causes of vomiting are dietary related, either through dietary indiscretion (e.g. overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause chronic (long term and intermittent) vomiting.

However, there are a huge number of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal system itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, possible causes include:

1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)
2. Stomach ulceration
3. Stomach cancer
4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)
5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating through the diaphragm)

Possible causes within the intestine include:

1. Infectious diseases (e.g. parvovirus)
2. Worms
3. Inflammatory bowel disease
4. Intestinal cancer

Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:

1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)
2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)
3. Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
4. Kidney failure
5. Pyometra (infection of the uterus)
6. Hormonal deficiencies or excesses (e.g. Addisons disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Septicemia, Calcium imbalance)

Other potential causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, NSAIDs) and neurological disorders.

Treatment of vomiting

Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. Whether or not treatment is appropriate depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is bright and otherwise normal on examination, treatment is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.

For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while keeping plenty of water available ad lib). After the period of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions several times a day, rather than one larger meal.

Though treating the symptom itself will often improve patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for making a correct diagnosis of the underlying cause, and certain drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Certainly cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can become rapidly dehydrated, develop electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.

Managing the vomiting dog

There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:

1. Identify the underlying cause
2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and effective manner

In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.

A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on normal diet, recent medication, vaccination status and the description of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is genuinely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a completely different set of underlying causes. It is also important to get a graphic description of the material expelled, and whether it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).

The next step is a full clinical examination, including carefully feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, bright in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive diagnosis of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a routine check up.

If there are any findings in the clinical history or the physical examination that trigger concern, then further tests are necessary. The first of these is usually blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. Additional laboratory tests may be required in certain circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an ACTH stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.

The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most useful is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not reveal the underlying cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.

The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a certain type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.

Drugs used in the treatment of vomiting

1. Stomach protectants and antacids

These medications are useful when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).

2. Metoclopromide

This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially effective in doing this though, and has the additional effect of increasing forward motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause mental changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.

3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, ACP)

These are effective at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are usually used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.

4. Antihistamines

Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are effective in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are little use against other causes.

5. Domperidone

Domperidone has a similar action to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and possible effects on fertility.

6. Maropitant

This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is extremely effective at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so effective at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be careful to properly investigate potentially dangerous underlying causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.

Matthew Homfray

Learn tips and techniques on how to pluck and clean the ears of your dog in this free video. Expert: Anne-Marie Forde Bio: Anne-Marie Forde and Jon Fless have owned and operated The Sudsy Dog Grooming Shop for 8 years. Filmmaker: Christian Munoz-Donoso

All dogs require grooming. The basic grooming requirements depend on your dog's breed and its characteristics. The first thing a pet owner deals with is dog hair.

Long hair dogs that shed need grooming more often than short hair dogs, or those who only shed seasonally. Outside dogs are inevitably going to pick up debris in their coats and should be brushed or combed daily. It can often be an effort to untangle the hair as well as remove those bits or particles stuck in the dog's coat after the dog has been outside.

If you're looking for something more convenient and don't mind spending some money, you could use a professional groomer. You should be aware that professional dog grooming can get very costly if you use it weekly. But if you want the best for your dog, you may make that choice.  If you want to ramp up the convenience aspect, you can hire mobile dog groomers who travel around in fully equipped grooming vehicles. The groomers park their van on your driveway or in front of your house, so you don't even have to leave home. If you're too busy to provide your dog the kind of grooming he needs, this is the ultimate in convenience. Another benefit to using professional groomers is that you don't have the mess or "damp dog" odor in your home.

If you want to save money, groom your dog yourself. Just equip yourself with the basic grooming tools. Don't use your old hairbrush on your dog. Get proper brushes and combs that are produced for your dog's fur. Instead of saving, you are likely to incur vet bills by using your castoff brushes since they can possibly cause damage to your dog's skin. 

If you're not sure of the correct way to bathe and brush your dog's hair, jump on the internet and look for some helpful resources. There are many articles and forums available to you, or simply ask a dog groomer or your veterinarian. You could also take a course from a pet store or vet's office to learn the correct procedures and pick up a few tips on dealing with your dog's anxieties during grooming as well.

Some may think that grooming your dog is optional, but it's not. Not grooming your dog consistently leaves him at risk for illnesses, parasites, damage to his skin or fur or both. Your dog may be a little anxious about having a bath, but you can't let that stop you.

Your dog's skin and hair follicles are protected by natural oils that will tend to be washed out if you use excessive and forceful scrubbing while bathing. Avoid using scented powders on your dog unless the product states it is made for dogs. Other products can cause skin discomfort and even infection. Avoid use of any product that isn't fit for your dog and your dog's breed.

Be patient when grooming your dog. Take time to gently talk to your pet while you are grooming. Try to make grooming a playful time by rubbing his belly and patting his head. Try not to start the grooming sessions if you don't have much time or your patience level is low. Remember, whatever attitude you project towards the grooming session, your dog will pick up on and it will impact how he approaches them in the future.

Debbie Foster

 

Like people, dogs are vulnerable and prone to unhealthy conditions like diarrhea. Dog diarrhea is one of the most common issues pertaining to health. It can affect your dog at any chances and because of its prevalence, oftentimes this type of illness is considered not at all serious. But to some, especially to those who take high regard to their pet's health, become somewhat worried. They eventually seek the help of a veterinarian and ask for some dog diarrhea medications that are apt for their pet's condition.

Dog diarrhea, even if considered widespread, does not easily affect your dog if proper care measures in pet keeping are observed. However, this case is caused by various things. One main reason is giving inappropriate amount or type of food to your beloved dogs. As a pet owner, you should be very keen and careful in choosing the kind of food to be fed to your pet. Just like people, dogs have sensitive appetites. Their appetites also need to be given the right kind and amount of food every time. Well, there are cases that it is not the pet owners who wrongly feed their pets. It is the pets themselves that take in foods or anything that arouses their curiosity (very many like children). So be sure to take a closer look at your pets especially when they are outside the house.

Another possible cause is the result of vaccinations given to them. This is mostly due to the reactions of the vaccinations. Although considered normal, don't just ignore when this happens.

Moreover, parasites and other types of viruses or worms can also trigger your dog's stomach. These parasites easily transmit to the body when your dogs interact with the environment. Just like food, you should take heed in setting out your dogs outside. Be extra careful always.

A dog's emotion can also make their stomach upset. They are really a lot like people. Due to excitement and nervousness especially when they are brought away from home, they have the possibility to experience diarrhea. But basically, this kind of diarrhea won't last long because it is just only a result of too much pressure on their emotions.

How to recognize if your dog is experiencing this? If you see that your dog vomits, which is not a normal act of a healthy dog, then it is positively suffering from diarrhea. Like people, they also bowel unconditionally. This is due to the unwanted pressure in their digestive system.

Is it okay even if you won't bring your dog to its vet? Well in most cases, it is. But if the situation gets worse even if ample dog diarrhea medication has already been given, then it is more advisable to bring your dog to his veterinarian for a thorough check up.

Taking care of dogs is just like taking care of kids. Sometimes because of their hyper sensitivity and hyper ability, they become more prone to infections and illnesses. Even if proper care is given, it is not 100% sure that your dog can't be inflicted at any chance with diseases like dog diarrhea. Nevertheless, there's no reason at all for us to fret about this. There are lots of dog diarrhea medications that are available at any pet health stores near your place or even online. You can even buy non-prescription meds for this illness. But bear in mind, if the symptoms still persist, it is better to seek the advice of your vets.

 

 

Paul Kramer

I always get glitches after installing a new expansion pack.